Online Gambling involves the use of computer programs and a network to place bets or play casino games. It differs from in-person gambling in several ways, most importantly that there is little to no interaction between players and the dealer (all games are operated by computer programs). In recent decades online gambling has grown significantly due to its intrinsic characteristics: accessibility, anonymity, and variety of games. To explore the current state of knowledge about risk and protective factors in online gambling, a literature search was performed in three academic databases: PubMed, PsychInfo, and Scopus. Searches were limited to articles published in English between 2010 and 2020.

Articles were reviewed for inclusion based on the PICO criteria: population (P), intervention (I) comparison, research outcome (O). The studies were analysed cross-sectionally, with two types of comparisons: between online nonproblematic gamblers and those offline; and between online pathological gamblers and those online who are not.

Despite its fun and thrill, online gambling is not without potential harms. It may lead to addiction, and, like other forms of addictive behavior, it can disrupt family and work relationships, as well as cause monetary loss. In addition, it can lead to feelings of withdrawal and trigger a mental health crisis.

Some states are taking steps to regulate online gambling, but many remain unclear about how to do so. It is important to understand how the industry works and what regulatory measures are necessary to protect consumers. A comprehensive strategy includes education, warnings, and support for vulnerable individuals. Prevention includes universal pre-commitment systems and self-exclusion from gambling providers.